Centralistic flow-through concepts additionally intensify the water scarcity

Central concepts can be compared with a gigantic pump pumping the continental water resources into the oceans

The technologies of the centralistic flow-through concepts are no answer to the worldwide increasing water crisis. Long-term renewable continental water resources are withdrawn, used and finally drained via seas and rivers into the oceans. This short circuit between groundwater and undrinkable saltwater intensifies the crisis  – instead of taking remedial action.

Here an  example: The biggest aquifer in the USA is the "Ogalala Aquifer". Over the last 50 years the  USA has withdrawn so much water from it that it will take around 500,000 years of natural rainfall to replenished it!. Also the  city of Las Vegas will be running out of water very soon. .

Even the advocats of the flow-through concept can learn

New sanitary strategies of not partial stream separating technologies are trying to avoid these disadvantages. Increasingly common in the world’s arid and wealthy regions (e.g. Gulf Region) is the reuse of the treated and ultrafiltrated waste water for irrigation in agriculture, or for groundwater recharge. The problem arises here, that viruses, hormones, resistance plasmids and pharmaceuticals can pass the ultrafiltration membranes, arrive in the food chain and finally into humans. The general problem of open disposal of faecal matters remains unsolved. To degrade these contaminants, the entire ultrafiltrated sewage stream needs to be additionally treated with ozone, which would be very costly considering the amounts.